The theory of Acquisition (Kasb) was proposed by Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari and was accepted by the majority of Sunnis. In addition to the traditionary EVIDENCES, 'Asha'ira scholars stated various RATIONAL EVIDENCES such as the impossibility of the combination between two causes for one effect, referring to the positivity of the attribute of omniscience and will and power, and the fallacy necessities of the opponent theory of Acquisition (Kasb). The author of this article if to explain and criticize the most important RATIONAL evidence of Asha'irah and will demonstrate that not only the the RATIONAL EVIDENCES of 'Asha'irah are defected, but also the theory of Acquisition (Kasb) is an irRATIONAL theory that is also in contrary with reason and conscience.

One of the main issues that are considered judicially in the recent years is competence and incompetence of women adjudication responsibility. Most jurists accept the condition of being male to judge. But this is the issue that its dossier of scientific review is open based on standards of legal issues. In jurisprudence, most jurists adjudge that condition of judgeship is being male. Those jurists referred to Quran, Tradition, Consensus and Wisdom to confirm their viewpoints. But in jurisprudence, there is contrary viewpoint. It predicates women judgeship is absolutely prohibited unless under certain circumstances. In this article, the author analyses EVIDENCES of women judgeship prohibition. Here, all the talk I review is that there is no reason to prohibit absolutely women judgeship.

Although the discussion of self and body has engaged human thought since ancient times, in the new ages, a new look has been taken and various opinions have been proposed. The physicalists have denied the duality of soul and body while degenerating the spiritual states to physical ones. On the contrary, Muslim Scholars have accepted duality of soul and body. However, according to the fact that mere acceptance of otherness of soul and body will not be led to non-physicality of body, some scholars have believed in abstraction and some other ones in non-abstraction of soul. These opinions show the significance of the discussion; therefore, logical reason and religious teachings could be a solid criterion to determine the correct thoughts from the incorrect ones as well as to create a correct understanding of the truth. Noting to the EVIDENCES, the study will make conclusions on distinction of soul and body and also abstraction of soul.

Quine selects the scope of prediction and test of research in. In ' evidence' chapter he says that the forming of the critical systems starts with the stimulus of the senses, which gives us, the observation sentences. The observation categoricals are deduced from them. Tests are on the basis of these categoricals. He says he does not believe in the Cartesian scientific certainty, and then mentions his' theory of naturalized Epistemology' as an alternative way

We are... So, to reframe the inquiry: who are we on a metaphysical level? Which aspects of ourselves are the most universally representative of who we are? How do we fare in the face of the passage of time? For decades, philosophers have debated the concept of diachronic personal identity, which focuses on the question of what keeps us alive. An intricate debate has developed between those who hold the body view (animalism) and those who hold the psychological view (memory) on the question of who we are. The two groups will eventually become so firmly set in their views that they will be unable to compromise. Hylomorphic animalism, or the view that humans are RATIONAL animals, living bodies made of prime matter and a RATIONAL soul, is an alternative answer to this divisive question that I propose in this study, following in the footsteps of Aristotle and Aquinas. We only survive if matter and RATIONAL souls do.

One of the most interesting topics in Islamic and Western Philosophy is to determine the boundaries and limits of reason in knowing the real world. Following the existential limits of reason in knowing the reality, we come to its limits in announcing and asserting the facts. In this article, by appealing to the authorized criterions, I try to show both the cognitive and the assertive limits of reason and, thus, to determine the realm of necessary silence of reason about the objects of the world. However, the realm and object of necessary silence of reason is attainable to RATIONAL speech in a specific way. The structure of the reason and the special character of the objects allow that RATIONAL speech and RATIONAL silence come together without causing contradiction.

The influential physicist Richard Feynman became interested in the relationship between religion and science during a mid-career phase. He proposed that their interface was embroiled in unresolvable difficulties. He felt that science demanded an attitude of uncertainty for its claims, while religion contrarily required certain belief in its core doctrines. Though possessing several non-contradictory dimensions, Feynman felt that the nature of the truth claims of science and religion suffered from insurmountable elemental conflicts. This was by contrast to Karl Popper, the leading critical RATIONAList of the 20th century, who argued that there could be no tension between science and religion. This paper will argue that the ‘Feynman Problem’ is not as insoluble as it appears. Rather, several solutions exist within critical RATIONALism. Two will be presented-the first revolves around the conjectural basis of knowledge and is already a well characterised critical RATIONAList notion. The second is a novel solution based on the separate categorisation of psychological, pragmatic, and epistemological attitudes to religion and science. Karl Popper’s view of religion-science dissimilarity was a minimalist point of departure for critical RATIONALists, who have developed increasingly sophisticated frameworks for investigating the relationship between faith and reason. Critical RATIONALism represents an equally inspiRATIONAL methodology for the pursuit of scientific and religious truth. Though both Feynman and Popper’s views on religion were underdeveloped, they foreshadowed the religion-science frameworks advocated by many late 20th century scientists, especially in the form of New Atheism and Gould’s NOMA theory.

Among sources for deduction of Islamic law, Quran, due to its immunity and definite authenticity, has a central and more important role than other sources and in addition to different doctrinal, liturgical, ethical and political matters a considerable attention has been paid to legal matters including the matter of civil responsibility. Among different matters of civil responsibility referred to in the Quran some verses provide a number of bases and EVIDENCES in the area responsibility among which prohibition of oppression, prohibition of causing loss to others, prohibition of taking possession of others unlawfully and the necessity of respecting physical, financial and spiritual rights of people can be considered Quranic bases of civil responsibility.

Investigation of the morphological EVIDENCES on the quaternary glacial of Iran has been of interest to many researches. However, the origin of such studies can be attributed to Domorgan (1890) and Bobek (1955). In the same vein, over the past ten years, Iranian researchers have conducted deeper studies on the changes in the climatic conditions of Iran in the quaternary. The analysis of the obtained climatic data currently registered in Iran, on one hand, and the existence of locations with remarkable differences in terms of temperature with adjacent regions, on the other, have attracted the attention of geomorphologists to such areas, as well as to their distribution in Iran. It is evident that, by focusing on the estimated environmental temperature, one can guess that these areas have also had greater temperature characteristics during the cold periods in the past relative to their adjacent regions. The regions which show greater temperature than their adjacent areas are called cold troughs. If the annual temperature of these cold troughs is less than 5°C and their surfaces are flat, then we can formulate a hypothesis for the existence of ice capes. This paper aimed at identifying the cold troughs in Iran and investigating their geomorphic characteristics in order to find EVIDENCES on the possibility of the existence of previous ice caps in these areas. The results revealed, for the first time, the presence of ice caps evidence over Namdan Plain.